What are the performance differences between different types of lithium batteries? What are the six common characteristics and parameters of lithium batteries?

The ternary lithium battery or iron lithium battery are named according to the positive active material for lithium batteries. This article summarized six common types of lithium battery and their main performance parameters. As you all know, the same technical route of batteries may don't have the same specific parameters. This article shows the current parameters of average. Three specific lithium batteries include: LiCoO2, cobalt acid lithium manganese acid lithium (LiMn2O4), nickel cobalt manganese acid lithium (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC).

Cobalt acid lithium (LiCoO2)

Its high specific energy make cobalt acid lithium cell phones, laptops and digital cameras popular options. The battery is made up of cobalt oxide cathode carbon and graphite anode. The cathode has a layered structure, during discharge, lithium ion from anode to cathode, the charging process flow in the opposite direction.

The cathode has a layered structure. During the discharge, lithium ion from anode to cathode; When charging flow from cathode to anode.

Disadvantages of cobalt acid lithium is relatively short service life, low thermal stability and load capacity limited (power).Like other cobalt mix lithium ion batteries use graphite anode, cobalt acid lithium, its cycle life is mainly limited to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), mainly displays in the SEI film gradually thickening, and rapid charging or charging process at low temperature lithium anode plating problem. A new system of material increased nickel, manganese and/or aluminium in order to improve the life, load capacity and reduce the cost. Cobalt acid lithium should not be above capacity for charging and discharging current. This means that has 2400 mAh18650 battery only in less than or equal to 2400 mA charging and discharging. Forced quick charge or impose higher than 2400 ma load and overload stress can lead to overheating. For optimal fast charging, manufacturers recommend charging ratio of 0.8 C or about 2000 mA. Battery protection circuit limit energy unit rate of charging and discharging to the safety level of about 1 c. Hexagon spider diagram (figure 2) summarizes the specific energy associated with running or capacity of cobalt acid lithium performance; Specific power or ability to provide large current; Safety; Under the environment of high and low temperature performance; Including calendar life and life cycle life; Cost characteristics. The spider diagram shows no other important features include toxicity, quick charge ability, self-discharge and shelf life. Due to the high cost of cobalt and hybrid materials with other active cathode materials of significant improvement in performance, are gradually being replaced by manganese acid lithium cobalt acid lithium, especially the NMC and NCA.(please refer to the description in the face of the NMC and NCA.)

Lithium manganese acid (LiMn2O4)

Spinel manganic acid lithium battery materials research report first published in 1983.In 1996, Moli energy company will be as cathode material of lithium manganese acid lithium ion battery. The architecture form three-dimensional spinel structure, can improve the electrode on the ion flow, thus reduce the internal resistance and improve the current carrying capacity. Another advantage of the spinel is high thermal stability, security, but the cycle and calendar life co., LTD. Low battery internal resistance and can realize quick charge and large current discharge. Type 18650 batteries, lithium manganese acid batteries can be in 20 to 30 a decentralized electric current, and with moderate heat accumulation. It can also be applied up to 50 a1 load pulses. In the electricity flow continuous high load can lead to heat accumulation, battery temperature should not exceed 80 ° C (176 ° F).Lithium manganese acid used in electric tools, medical equipment, as well as the hybrid and pure electric vehicles. Figure 4 shows on manganese acid lithium battery cathode to form three dimensional crystal skeleton. The spinel structure is usually composed of connection into the lattice of the diamond shape, generally after the battery to appear.

Manganese acid lithium cathode crystallization in into shape after three dimensional frame structure. Spinel provides low resistance, but the specific energy is lower than cobalt acid lithium.

Lithium manganese acid has a capacity of about a third lower than the cobalt acid lithium. Design flexibility allows engineers to choose utmost ground prolongs the service life of the battery, or upgrade the capacity of the maximum load current (power), or (more than).For example, 18650 long life of the battery version only moderate 1100 mAh capacity; High capacity version 1500 mAh. Figure 5 shows the typical manganese acid lithium batteries a spider diagram. These feature parameters doesn't seem ideal, but the new design in power, security, and life has improved. Pure manganese acid lithium battery today is no longer common; They are only applied in special circumstances.

Despite the overall performance, a new design can improve the manganese acid lithium power, security, and longevity.

Most of the cobalt and lithium manganese acid lithium nickel manganese oxide (NMC), in order to improve the specific energy and prolong life. This combination has brought the best performance of each system, and most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, the Chevrolet Volt and BMW i3 chooses the LMO (NMC).Battery LMO part can reach 30%, can provide high current during acceleration; The NMC section provides a long range. Lithium ion battery research tend to manganese acid lithium cobalt, nickel, manganese and/or aluminum combination as the active cathode material. In some architecture, a small amount of silica is added to the anode. This provides 25% of the capacity improvement; Silicon, however, as the charging and discharging expansion and contraction, thus lead to mechanical stress, capacity improvement is usually closely contact with short cycle life. It can easily select the three active metal silicon and enhanced to improve than can (capacity), power (load) or life. Consumer needs large capacity batteries, and industrial applications need battery system has good load capacity, long life, and provide safe and reliable service.

Nickel cobalt manganese acid lithium (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC)

Is one of the most successful system of lithium ion cathode combination of nickel manganese cobalt (NMC).Like manganese acid lithium, this system can be customized used as energy battery or battery power. Secondary load conditions, for example, the 18650 battery in NMC has about 2800 mAh capacity and can provide 4 a and 5 a discharge current; The same type of NMC in specific power optimization, the capacity is 2000 mAh, only but can provide 20 a continuous discharge current. Silicon-based anode will reach more than 4000 mAh, but reduce the load capacity, cycle life shortened. Added to the graphite in the silicon has defects, namely the anode with the charging and discharging expansion and contraction, makes the battery has a large mechanical stress structure is unstable. The secret of the NMC is the combination of nickel and manganese. Similarly salt, of which the main component of sodium and chloride itself is toxic, but will be mixed them up as a seasoning salt and food preservatives. Nickel is famous for its high specific energy, but poor stability; Manganese spinel structure can realize low resistance but lower than the energy. Two kinds of active metal complementary advantages. The NMC is electric tools, electric bicycles and other electric power system of choice for battery. Nickel cathode combination is usually a third, a third cobalt, manganese and a third is also called the 1-1-1.This provides a unique mixture of due to lower cobalt content, also reduces the cost of raw materials. Another success is the combination of sliding, contains five nickel, 2 3 copy of cobalt and manganese (5-3-2).Also can use other different amount of cathode materials. Due to the high cost of cobalt and nickel battery manufacturers from cobalt department to cathode. Nickel base system than cobalt-based batteries with higher energy density, lower cost and longer cycle life, but they are slightly lower voltage. New electrolyte and additive can make the single battery to more than 4.4 V, thus improve the electricity. Figure 7 shows the characteristics of the NMC.

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